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The evolutionary origins of yellow fever most likely lie in Africa.〔McNeill, J. R. (2010). Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620–1914 (1st ed., p. 390). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521459109〕 Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the virus originated from East or Central Africa, with transmission between primates and humans, and spread from there to West Africa.〔Bryant, J. E., Holmes, E. C., & Barrett, A. D. T. (2007). Out of Africa: A Molecular Perspective on the Introduction of Yellow Fever Virus into the Americas. PLoS Pathog, 3(5), e75. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030075〕 The virus as well as the vector ''Aedes aegypti'', a mosquito species, were probably brought to the western hemisphere and the Americas by slave trade ships from Africa after the first European exploration in 1492.〔Haddow, a. J. (2012). X.—The Natural History of Yellow Fever in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 70(03), 191–227. doi:10.1017/S0080455X00001338〕 The first outbreaks of disease that were probably yellow fever occurred in the windward islands of the Caribbean on Barbados in 1647 and Guadalupe in 1648. Barbados had undergone an ecological transformation with the introduction of sugar cultivation by the Dutch. Plentiful forest present in the 1640s were completely gone by the 1660s. By the early 18th century, the same transformation related to sugar cultivation had occurred on the larger islands of Jamaica, Hispaniola and Cuba. Spanish colonists recorded an outbreak in 1648 on the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico that may have been yellow fever. The illness was called ''xekik'' (black vomit) by the Maya. At least 25 major outbreaks followed in North America, such as in Philadelphia 1793, where several thousand people died, more than nine percent of the total population. The American government, including George Washington, had to flee the city, which was the temporary capital for a decade.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=EyeWitness to History )〕 In 1878, about 20,000 people died in an epidemic in towns of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries. The last major outbreak in the US occurred in 1905 in New Orleans. Major outbreaks also occurred in Europe in the nineteenth century in Atlantic ports following the arrival of sailing vessels from the Caribbean, most often from Havana. Outbreaks occurred in Barcelona in 1803, 1821, and 1870. In the last outbreak, 1,235 fatalities were recorded of an estimated 12,000 cases. Smaller outbreaks occurred in Saint-Nazaire in France, Swansea in Wales, and in other European port cities following the arrival of vessels carrying the mosquito vector. The first mention of the disease by the name "yellow fever" occurred in 1744.〔The earliest mention of "yellow fever" appears in a manuscript of 1744 by Dr. John Mitchell of Virginia; copies of the manuscript were sent to Mr. Cadwallader Colden, a physician in New York, and to Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia; the manuscript was eventually printed (in large part) in 1805 and reprinted in 1814. See: * (John Mitchell) (1805) ((Mitchell's account of the Yellow Fever in Virginia in 1741–2) ), ''The Philadelphia Medical Museum,'' 1 (1) : 1–20. * (John Mitchell) (1814) ("Account of the Yellow fever which prevailed in Virginia in the years 1737, 1741, and 1742, in a letter to the late Cadwallader Colden, Esq. of New York, from the late John Mitchell, M.D.F.R.S. of Virginia," ) ''American Medical and Philosophical Register'' … , 4 : 181–215. The term "yellow fever" appears on p. 186. On p. 188, Mitchell mentions "… the distemper was what is generally called the yellow fever in America." However, on pages 191–192, he states "… I shall consider the cause of the yellowness which is so remarkable in this distemper, as to have given it the name of the Yellow Fever." It should be noted, however, that Dr. Mitchell misdiagnosed the disease that he observed and treated, and that the disease was probably Weil's disease or hepatitis. See: 〕 ==Philadelphia: 1793== The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 struck during the summer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the highest fatalities in the United States were recorded. The disease probably was brought by refugees and mosquitoes on ships from Saint-Domingue. It rapidly spread in the port city, in the crowded blocks along the Delaware River. About 5000 people died, ten percent of the population of 50,000. The city was then the national capital, and the national government left the city, including President George Washington. Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York suffered repeated epidemics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as did other cities along the East and Gulf coasts.〔Ballard C. Campbell, ed. ''American Disasters: 201 Calamities That Shook the Nation'' (2008) pp 49-50〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of yellow fever」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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